Sains Malaysiana 54(3)(2025): 701-720

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5403-08

Prestasi Ciri Morfo-Agronomi Padi (Oryza sativa L.) dalam Kawasan Penanaman Kurang Subur

(Performance of Morpho-Agronomic Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Less Fertile Cultivation Areas)

NUR SAKINAH MOHD YUSRI¹, PUTERI NUR DINIE ELLINA ZULKAFLI¹, SELVIA DEWI POHAN², SHAKIRAH MOHAMMAD NAHAR¹, ASMUNI MOHD IKMAL¹, MUHAMMAD SHAFIE MD SAH³, SOBRI HUSSEIN⁴, NADIATUR AKMAR ZULKIFLI¹ & NORAZIYAH ABD AZIZ SHAMSUDIN^1,*

¹Jabatan Sains Biologi dan Bioteknologi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Jabatan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Medan, Sumatera Utara, 20221, Indonesia

³Pusat Penyelidikan Agrobiodiversiti dan Persekitaran, Ibu Pejabat MARDI, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

⁴Bahagian Agro dan Biosains, Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 6 Ogos 2024/Diterima: 16 Disember 2024

Abstrak

Kadar sara diri (SSL) beras Malaysia hanya kira-kira 63%, jadi untuk mengekalkan kestabilan sosial dan ekonomi negara, pelbagai inisiatif telah diambil untuk meningkatkan hasil padi. Penanaman padi di kawasan tanah terbiar yang biasanya kurang subur boleh membantu meningkatkan produktiviti padi tetapi adalah penting untuk mengenal pasti genotip yang beradaptasi dengan baik di tanah kurang subur selain melakukan perawatan tanah. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti genotip padi yang mempunyai adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap tanah yang kurang subur. Prestasi morfo-agronomi 58 genotip padi moden dan tradisi telah dinilai di plot padi di Kompleks Rumah Tumbuhan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia bagi dua musim penanaman. Kaedah amalan pengurusan plot adalah berdasarkan kepada ‘Rice Check’ oleh Jabatan Pertanian, Malaysia. Dalam kedua-dua musim penanaman, perbezaan yang signifikan antara genotip diperhatikan bagi kesemua tujuh ciri. Kesemua ciri mempunyai nilai keterwarisan (H) yang tinggi (0.79 < H ≤ 1.00), kecuali kandungan klorofil (CC) pada musim I (H = 0.51). Memandangkan pengaruh genetik lebih mendominasi persekitaran, ciri dengan nilai keterwarisan yang tinggi boleh digunakan untuk pemilihan langsung. Bagi kawasan kurang subur, genotip tradisi menunjukkan prestasi yang lebih baik berbanding  genotip moden daripada segi hasil bijian (GY), panjang panikel (PL) dan bilangan panikel (PN), tetapi turut mempunyai hari berbunga (DTF) yang lebih panjang dan lebih tinggi dalam kedua-dua musim penanaman. Selain itu, hubungan korelasi positif yang signifikan diperoleh antara ciri GY dengan PN (r=0.40 dan 0.58, p<0.01) dan PL (r=0.45, p<0.001) untuk kedua-dua musim penanaman. Lima puluh lapan genotip (58) padi telah dikelompokkan kepada 8 kluster berdasarkan tujuh ciri yang dikaji pada kedua-dua musim penanaman. Genotip tradisi seperti Towuti, Pongsu Seribu, Ulat Kuning, Huma Kuning Lenggong dan Lumut boleh digunakan sebagai induk untuk membangunkan genotip padi baharu  dengan semua ciri unggul seperti hasil tinggi, adaptasi yang baik dalam tanah kurang subur atau sistem penanaman input rendah, berketinggian sederhana dan tempoh matang yang lebih singkat dengan mengacukkan genotip ini dengan genotip moden yang matang awal dan berketinggian sederhana.

Kata kunci: Genotip tradisi; hasil bijian; nutrien tanah; pembiakbakaan; tekanan abiotik

Abstract

Malaysia's rice self-sufficiency rate (SSL) is only approximately 63%, so to maintain social and economic stability in the nation, numerous initiatives have been undertaken to boost rice yield. Planting rice in the wasteland areas that are typically less fertile can help to increase rice productivity, but it is crucial to identify genotypes that are well-adapted to less fertile soil. This research aimed to identify rice genotypes that are highly adaptable in less fertile soil. The morpho-agronomic performance of 58 modern and traditional rice genotypes was evaluated in paddy plots at the Greenhouse Complex, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for two planting seasons. The plot management practices were conducted in accordance with the ‘Rice Check’ guidelines established by the Department of Agriculture, Malaysia. In both growing seasons, significant differences between genotypes were observed for all seven traits. All traits exhibited high heritability (H) values (0.79 < H ≤ 1.00), except for chlorophyll content (CC) in season I (H = 0.51). Considering that genetic influences predominate over environmental ones, traits with high heritability values can be used for direct selection. Under low fertility condition, traditional rice genotypes showed better performance in terms of grain yield (GY), panicle length (PL), and panicle number (PN), although they were characterized by a longer day to flowering (DTF) compared to modern rice genotypes across both planting seasons. Additionally, a positive and significant correlation was obtained between GY with PN (r=0.40 and 0.58, p<0.01) and PL (r=0.45, p<0.001) for both planting seasons. The 58 rice genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters based on seven studied traits for both growing season. Traditional genotypes such as Towuti, Pongsu Seribu, Ulat Kuning, Huma Kuning Lenggong, and Lumut can be used as parental lines to develop new genotypes of rice with all the superior traits such as high yield, good adaptation under less fertile soil or low input system, intermediate plant height and shorter maturity by crossing them with modern genotypes that mature early and has intermediate plant height.

Keywords: Abiotic stress; breeding; grain yield; soil nutrients; traditional genotypes

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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: nora_aziz@ukm.edu.my